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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">sociolpolitol</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Московского университета. Серия 18. Социология и политология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Moscow State University Bulletin. Series 18. Sociology and Political Science</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1029-3736</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-8769</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Publishing House of Lomonosov Moscow State University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24290/1029-3736-2017-23-1-49-68</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">sociolpolitol-242</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕОРИЯ, МЕТОДОЛОГИЯ И ИСТОРИЯ СОЦИОЛОГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>THEORY, METHODOLOGY AND HISTORY OF SOCIOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ВЫБОР ПРОФЕССИИ КАК СОЦИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ФЕНОМЕН: ВОПРОСЫ ТЕОРИИ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>THE OCCUPATIONAL CHOICE AS A SOCIOLOGICAL PHENOMENON: QUESTIONS OF THE THEORY</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кравченко</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kravchenko</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кравченко Альберт Иванович, доктор социологических наук, профессор, ведущий научный сотрудник кафедры истории и теории социологии социологического факультета </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"/><email xlink:type="simple">kravchenkoai@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>МГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>06</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>49</fpage><lpage>68</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кравченко А.И., 2017</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кравченко А.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kravchenko A.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestnik.socio.msu.ru/jour/article/view/242">https://vestnik.socio.msu.ru/jour/article/view/242</self-uri><abstract><p>На разных этапах истории различные виды труда закреплялись за членами общества принудительным или недобровольным способом. Только в рыночном обществе, т.е. при капитализме, способ закрепления труда за работниками приобретает характер почти свободного выбора профессии. На профессиональные предпочтения соискателя влияют не только его потребности, желания, мотивация и личностные качества, но также ситуация на рынке труда и экономическое положение семьи.</p><p>В отечественной социологии различают два явления – выбор профессии и профессиональный подбор. Выбор профессии – стихийный индивидуальный процесс поиска рабочего места, характеристики которого соответствовали бы характеристикам личности (склонностям, темпераменту, социальному статусу, месту жительства и т.д.). Профессиональный подбор – целенаправленный отбор одного кандидата среди нескольких претендентов на свободную вакансию, который осуществляется специалистом – сотрудником организации, на основе списка требований, характеризующих данное рабочее место. Социологи нередко пользовались определением, которое предложили психологи. Согласно точке зрения последних, профессиональный подбор – это целенаправленный процесс выбора одного кандидата из группы претендентов на данную должность, кто соответствует требованиям рабочего места по своим личностным качествам.</p><p>Профессиональный отбор – это процесс, с помощью которого предприятие или организация выбирает из числа кандидатов одного или нескольких, наилучшим образом подходящих под критерии отбора на вакантное место, принимая во внимание текущие условия окружающей обстановки. Профессиональный выбор, в отличие от профессионального самоопределения (по Е.И. Головахе), – это решение, затрагивающее лишь ближайшую жизненную перспективу школьника. Американский социолог и психолог Дж. Сьюпер считает, что в течение жизни (карьеры) человек вынужден совершать множество выборов (сама карьера рассматривается как “чередующиеся выборы”).</p><p>Социологу всегда интересно знать, как человек выбирал профессию: шел по стопам родителей, выбирал институт, где был наименьший конкурс или, наоборот, поступал в престижный вуз. Если не удалось пройти конкурс с первого раза, то поступал ли в тот же институт еще раз. Или решил гибко подойти к решению проблемы, не ломать копья о неприступную стену и выбрать ту же специальность, но в другом учебном заведении. А может, вообще, после неудачи решил не рисковать и перекинулся на другую профессию.</p><p>Выбор профессии и профессиональные ориентации молодежи стали особенно интересовать отечественную социологию в 1960-е гг. Вслед за новосибирскими социологами изучать профессиональные и образовательные ориентации начали социологи Прибалтики во главе с М.Х. Титмой (М.И. Тальюнайте, К.А. Пярна), ленинградские вместе с В.В. Водзинской и В.А. Ядовым, социологи из Свердловска (М.Н. Руткевич, Л.Я. Рубина, Ф.Р. Филиппов), украинские социологи под руководством В.Ф. Черноволенко (В.Л. Оссовский, В.И. Паниотто), а также социологи Белоруссии (В.Н. Тихонов, Я.В. Леверовская), Армении (Джилавян), Таджикистана (Ш. Шоисматулоев), Узбекистана (З.Х. Саидов), Туркмении (Г.Н. Джумаева). В 1990-е и 2000-е гг. под руководством Д.Л. Константиновского, В.Н. Шубкина, Ф.Э. Шереги, В.Г. Харчевой, И.М. Козиной проведены серьезные исследования профессиональных ориентаций российских школьников. Полученные данные установили, что притязания учащихся в сфере будущей профессии завышены по сравнению с нуждами общества.</p><p>Автор стремится провести четкие границы между выбором профессии как психологическим (внутренняя мотивация) и социологическим (внешняя институциализация) феноменом. Во втором случае на решение человека влияют такие социальные агенты, как значимые другие, и такие социальные факторы, как семейное происхождение, материальный достаток, социальная среда. Важными факторами профессионального выбора являются вакансии на рынке труда, материальное положение семьи происхождения, социально-экономический статус, престиж профессии, возраст, национальные традиции и расовые особенности. В статье проводится разграничение между двумя близкими понятиями – профессиональный выбор и профессиональный подбор. </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>At different stages of the history of various types of labor assigned to the members of the society forced or involuntary manner. Only in a market society, i.e., under capitalism, the process of securing the labor of employees assumes the character almost free occupational choice. On the professional preferences of the applicant affect not only his needs, desires, motivation and personal qualities, but also the situation on the labour market and economic situation of the family.</p><p>In the Russian sociology there are two phenomena – the occupational choice and occupational selection. The occupational choice – a spontaneous process of finding an individual workplace, the characteristics of which would correspond to the characteristics of the person (inclinations, temperament, social status, place of residence, etc.). Occupational selection – purposeful selection of a single candidate among several applicants for vacancies, which is carried out expert – an employee of the organization, on the basis of the list of requirements that characterize a given workplace. Sociologists often use the definition that is offered by psychologists. According to the latest point of view, the occupational selection – a purposeful process of selecting a single candidate from the group of applicants for the position of those persons who meet the requirements of the workplace in their personal qualities.</p><p>Occupational selection – the process by which a company or an organization chooses from among the candidates of one or more that best fit under the criteria of selection for the vacant position, taking into account the current environment conditions. The occupational choice, as opposed to professional self-determination (for E.I. Golovakha) – a decision that affects only the near-term student life. American sociologist and psychologist D. Super believes that during the life (career), a person is forced to make a lot of choices (he considered a career as an “alternating elections”).</p><p>Sociologist is always interesting to know how a person chooses a profession: walking in the footsteps of their parents, chose institute, where was the least competition or, on the contrary, he acted in a prestigious university. If unable to pass competition from the first contest, he have done in the same institute again. Or he decided flexible approach to solving the problem, not to break the spear of an impregnable wall and choose the same profession, but in a different school. Or, in general, after the failure he has decided not to risk and spread to another profession.</p><p>The occupational choice and professional orientations of young people became the subject of studies by Russian sociologists in the 1960s. Following Novosibirsk sociologists study the professional and educational orientations began Baltic sociologists headed by M.H. Titma (M.I. Talyunayte, K.A. Pyarna), Leningrad with V.V. Vodzinskoy and V.A. Yadov, sociologists from Sverdlovsk (M.N. Rutkevich, L.Ya. Rubina, F.R. Filippov), Ukrainian sociologists led by V.F. Chernovolenko (V.L. Ossovsky, V.I. Paniotto), as well asBelarussociologists (V.N. Tihonov, Ya.V. Leverovskaya),Armenia(Dzhilavyan),Tajikistan(Sh. Shoismatuloev),Uzbekistan(Z.H. Saidov),Turkmenistan(G.N. Dzhumaeva). In the 1990s and 2000s under the leadership of D.L. Konstantinovsky, V.N. Shubkin, F.E. Sheregi, V.G. Harcheva, I.M. Kozina conducted serious research professional orientations of Russian schoolchildren. The data found that the claims of the students in future career too high in comparison with the needs of society.</p><p>The author seeks to draw clear boundaries between the occupational choice as a psychological (intrinsic motivation) and sociological (external institutionalization) phenomenon. In the second case, the person’s decision is influenced by such social agents as significant others, and social factors such as family background, material prosperity, social environment. Important factors of the occupational choice are vacancies in the labor market, the financial situation of the family of origin, socio-economic status, the prestige of the profession, age, na tional traditions and racial characteristics. The article distinguishes between two close concepts – occupational choice and professional selection. </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>выбор профессии</kwd><kwd>профессиональный подбор</kwd><kwd>социальные агенты влияния</kwd><kwd>значимые другие</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>occupational choice</kwd><kwd>professional selection</kwd><kwd>social agents of influence</kwd><kwd>significant others</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Подмарков В.Г. Введение в промышленную социологию (социальные проблемы социалистического промышленного производства). М., 1973.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arulmani G., Van Laar, D., Easton S. The influence of career beliefs and socioeconomic status on the career decision-making of high school students in India // International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance. 2003. 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