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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">sociolpolitol</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Московского университета. Серия 18. Социология и политология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Moscow State University Bulletin. Series 18. Sociology and Political Science</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1029-3736</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-8769</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Publishing House of Lomonosov Moscow State University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24290/1029-3736-2021-27-3-105-128</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">sociolpolitol-895</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СОЦИОЛОГИЯ РЕЛИГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SOCIOLOGY OF RELIGION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Социальные аспекты ведущих религиозных доктрин: буддизм</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Social aspects of main religious doctrines: Buddhism</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Осипова</surname><given-names>Н. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Osipova</surname><given-names>N. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Осипова Надежда Геннадьевна, доктор социологических наук, профессор, профессор кафедры современной социологии, декан социологического факультета</p><p>Ленинские горы, 1, стр. 33, Москва, 119234</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Osipova Nadezda G., Doctor of Sociological Sciences, Professor, Dean of the Faculty of Sociology</p><p>Leninsky Gory 1-33, Moscow, 119234</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ngo@socio.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>МГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>03</day><month>10</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>27</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>105</fpage><lpage>128</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Осипова Н.Г., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Осипова Н.Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Osipova N.G.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestnik.socio.msu.ru/jour/article/view/895">https://vestnik.socio.msu.ru/jour/article/view/895</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье детально рассматриваются проблемы, связанные с развитием буддизма, который привнес в религию личностный аспект и воплотил идею о необходимости сострадания ко всем живым существам. Особое место занимает анализ нравственной и социальной составляющей данной религии. Буддизм рассматривается как протестное движение, зародившееся в Индии, и направленное против застывшего иерархизма, механической обрядовости и корыстолюбия брахманов. Эта религия поставила под сомнение брахманскую иерархию, апеллировал в первую очередь к воинам, царям и массе свободного населения. Буддистская община представляла собой братство нищенствующих монахов, которые не совершали никаких обрядов, а лишь примером своей жизни указывали людям путь к спасению. Буддизм — это также одно из радикальных реформистских учений не только в интеллектуальном, но и в социальном аспектах. Он призывал людей, прежде всего, к внутреннему совершенствованию, последней ступени которого можно достичь лишь благодаря доброте и доброжелательности ко всем живым существам. Центральное место в данной статье посвящено спору о реальности существования Будды, его учению и трансформациям этого учения. Значительное место отводится описанию образа жизни буддийских монахов, взаимоотношениям внутри буддийской общины и с мирянами. Обоснованы причины привлекательности буддизма и его легкой адаптивности к другим религиозным доктринам. Показаны возможности трансформации буддизма, в том числе и в рамках синкретических вероучений, а также в деятельности тоталитарных и псевдорелигиозных сект. Приведены примеры политизации этой религии и ее включения в активность фундаменталистских организаций.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article examines in detail the problems associated with the development of Buddhism, which introduced a personal aspect to religion and embodied the idea of the need for compassion for all living beings. A special place is occupied by the analysis of the moral and social component of this religion. Buddhism is seen as a protest movement that originated in India and is directed against the frozen hierarchy, mechanical ritualism and greed of the Brahmins. This religion challenged the Brahmin hierarchy, appealing primarily to warriors, kings, and the mass of the free population. The Buddhist community was a brotherhood of mendicant monks who did not perform any rituals, but only showed people the way to salvation by the example of their lives. Buddhism is also one of the radical reformist teachings, not only intellectually, but also socially. He called people, first of all, to inner perfection, the last stage of which can be achieved only through kindness and benevolence to all living beings. The central point of this article is devoted to the debate about the reality of the Buddha’s existence, his teaching and the transformations of this teaching. A significant place is given to the description of the way of life of Buddhist monks, the relationship within the Buddhist community and with the laity. The reasons for the attractiveness of Buddhism and its easy adaptability to other religious doctrines are substantiated. The possibilities of transformation of Buddhism, including within the framework of syncretic creeds, as well as in the activities of totalitarian and pseudo-religious sects, are shown. Examples of the politicization of this religion and its inclusion in the activities of fundamentalist organizations are given.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>буддизм</kwd><kwd>Будда</kwd><kwd>освобождающее знание</kwd><kwd>сострадание</kwd><kwd>нирвана</kwd><kwd>“Четыре Благородных истины”</kwd><kwd>восьмеричный путь к спасению</kwd><kwd>буддийские монахи</kwd><kwd>миряне</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Buddhism</kwd><kwd>Buddha</kwd><kwd>liberating knowledge</kwd><kwd>compassion</kwd><kwd>nirvana</kwd><kwd>“Four Noble Truths”</kwd><kwd>the eightfold path to salvation</kwd><kwd>Buddhist monks</kwd><kwd>lay people</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Агаджанян А.С. Буддизм // Религиоведение / Энциклопедический словарь. М., 2006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agadzhanyan A.S. 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