Interest groups in politics: problems of complex classification

Abstract

The article presents a critical analysis of existing classifications of interest groups and develops a new, more complete typology that is adequate to modern political realities. The author systematically examines the evolution of theoretical approaches to classification, from the works of T. Parsons, M. Olson, E. Heywood to the typologies of G. Almond and J. Powell. Key differentiation criteria are brought into focus: the degree of organization, the nature of represented interests, size and the scale of activity. The author identifies systemic shortcomings of existing typologies, such as blurred boundaries between categories, underestimation of the role of individual corporations as key lobbying actors, and the ideological bias of the pluralist approach, which complicates the distinction between public and private interests. Particular attention is paid to the transformation of the interest group system under the influence of neoliberalization and globalization, which has led to the increased influence of private corporations and the decline of traditional large associations (trade unions, business associations). Based on the analysis, the article proposes an original comprehensive typology that integrates various criteria. Its core consists of six main types of lobbying actors: corporations; business associations; associative professional groups; institutional groups; organized promotional groups; unorganized promotional groups. This classification aims to overcome the conceptual gaps of previous frameworks and provide a tool for a comprehensive study of lobbying in the context of multi-level governance, changes within political systems and mechanisms of interest representation.