Thisarticlecompletes the series of articles“The role of socialstereotypesinmanagingpersonalitybehavior”. Itexamines in detailethnicstereotypes– a collective,emotionallycolored,generalizedandsimplifiedview of oneethnicgroupaboutitselforanotherethnicgroup,formedmainlyat the level of everydayconsciousness.Theethnicstereotype is based on biasesformedon the basis of limitedinformationaboutindividualrepresentativesofanethnic group,whichusuallygeneratesappropriategeneralizations that obscuretheirrealindividualqualities. The authoridentifiescommonfeaturesthat are characteristicnotonlyofethnicstereotypes,butalsoofallothertypes of stereotypes:orderliness,simplicityandunambiguity;conservatism, etc.However, ethnicstereotypes,morethantheirothertypes of socialstereotypes, are distinguished by their evaluative nature andbias,aswell as the stabilityandrelativestability of the informationcontainedinthem. An essentialfeature of ethnicstereotypesis the consistency and similarity of ideas of a sufficientlylargenumber of people in a certainsocialcommunity.

Thearticledescribes the mechanism of formationandconsolidation of ethnicstereotypes,theirstructureandfunctions.At the same time, it is emphasizedthat the mainfunction of ethnicstereotypesis the function of protectingethnicidentity,which is carried out byprotectingethnicborders,preferring fellow tribesmen to newcomers,basedonstrengthening a sense of solidaritywith“their own”andfeelings of hostilitytowards“others”. Inpractice, thisfunction is most oftenmulti-vector in nature. The authorexamines in detailtwotypes of ethnicstereotypes–autostereotypesandheterostereotypes,andidentifies the factors that determinetheirformationandinvariance,andconcludesthatethnicstereotypeshavebothpositiveandnegativeeffectsoninterculturalandinterethniccommunication.However, ingeneral, societyiswellawareof the existence of ethnicstereotypes,theirsometimesinitiallybiasednature, andhas a provenset of toolstoovercomethem.

According to the author, this cannot be attributed to one type of stereotypes that has relatively recently entered scientific circulation, accumulating deliberately false ideas about the effectiveness of those methods of treatment or, more often, health-saving tools that are actively being introduced into the public consciousness. This type of stereotypes, based on specific examples, is also discussed in detail in this article. The conclusion provides an algorithm for combating stereotypes that actually do little to help in understanding social reality, but more often cause significant harm to a person and society, explicitly or covertly participating in managing personal behavior, pushing people to make ill–considered decisions or inappropriate, and sometimes socially dangerous behavior.

The article focuses on the biography and creative path of one of the leading American sociologists and political scientists George Fischer (1923-2005). The first part of the article is devoted to G. Fisher’s biography, his difficult life path, including his childhood and youth in Berlin and Moscow, his participation in World War II as an officer in the American army, his scientific and social activities after the end of the war in Germany and the USA. Particular attention is paid to his relations with Russian emigrants of the first and second waves, young Soviet sociologists of the 1960s, as well as his theoretical and practical struggle for a self-governing society. The second part of the article reveals the main stages of G. Fisher's scientific activities. Here his main scientific works, views and concepts are analyzed. The concept of social integration and “inertia” of Soviet people is considered. Issues of conformism in Western society are also considered. The article also tells about G. Fisher’s works dedicated to the pioneers of Soviet sociology - Soviet sociologists of the 1960s. The concept of Soviet society as an alternative model of social structure is also considered. Special attention is paid to the concept of a self-governing society put forward by G. Fischer. G. Fisher concludes that harmony does not derive from concentration, it derives from complex fragmentation. True complexity does not mean individual centers, but a connected network of very diverse, autonomous groups. G. Fisher sees a self-governing conscious community merely as one of historical possibilities. Each generation will choose from these ever-changing opportunities and alternatives. Еach generation will not make its choice in accordance with the choices and desires of past generations, it will be done basing on its own vision of the present. In that light, self rule should not be seen as a prize that people gain and then keep for a long time to come. In no way does self rule mean the end of history.

The article develops the foundations of a new, integrative paradigm of organizational motivation. Modern research approaches to motivation are analyzed, their advantages and disciplinary limitations, the discrepancy between the need of a modern, digital society in the systematic use of all the most important determinants of organizational behavior are characterized. The need for the development and practical use of a new, integrative paradigm of the motivational process is substantiated. The main imperative of which is the consideration of organizational motivation as an integral process of determination and practical implementation of the behavior of employees carried out in their activities: living and embodied, individual and collective, managerial and performing, constructive and destructive. The author analyzes the constitutive settings of the integration paradigm, which makes it possible to reflect the motivational process in its systemic integrity, synchrony and diachrony, the interaction of past, present and future (predicted) factors, and systematically take into account all the determinants of employee behavior that are significant for the organization. The constructive possibilities of using the integration paradigm for the theory and practice of motivational work are revealed. For this purpose, the need to develop a general integration model of the personnel motivation system, which is designed to reflect and represent all practically significant determinants of employee behavior, is substantiated, and the general contours of such a model are outlined. In the light of the integration paradigm, the categorical apparatus of the theory of organizational motivation is clarified and updated.

The article is devoted to the phenomenon of rumors as a social communication and an integral part of modern organizational processes. The relevance of the topic attributed to the acceleration of information flows in the post-industrial era, where rumors are becoming a resource for strategic and tactical management, contributing to the formation of organizational legends, brands and innovations. In the context of Russian specifics, characterized by a high degree of informal ties and a low level of trust in official sources, rumors acquire special importance, often becoming a mechanism for adapting to uncertainty. The author has carried out a comprehensive analysis of the functions of rumors, which allows us to show their ambivalent nature, on the one hand, the potential for filling information gaps, team cohesion, anti–stress functions, on the other - the possible destructive consequences of their spread in organizations (increased conflict, increased stress and decreased productivity).

Based on a comprehensive analysis of secondary data (wave and specialized surveys of SuperJob, surveys of Russian employers, etc.) revealed trends in changing attitudes towards rumors among employees of Russian organizations, showed the directions of integration of this type of informal communication in solving organizational problems. It is emphasized that in modern Russian conditions, rumors are often associated with abusive behavior and chronic stress, which contributes to burnout and staff turnover.

The author strives to integrate the theoretical framework of the study of rumors with practical aspects of organizational behavior, emphasizing the need for a balance between control and the use of rumors to improve the effectiveness of modern organizations. The article promotes the development of practical tools for the sustainable management of informal communications, the harmonization of work processes and social well-being in the age of digitalization, offering recommendations for HR specialists.

This article examines mechanisms and tools for preventing environmental risks through the implementation of national environmental projects, including organizational and economic relationships, methods for evaluating effectiveness, and ways to improve environmental policy.

The relevance of this issue lies in the growing awareness of the importance of ecological balance for ensuring stable socioeconomic development in countries. Environmental risks can lead to economic losses, public health problems, and social conflicts. Therefore, analyzing how national projects can help reduce these risks is directly related to ensuring the sustainability and security of society.

Research into this issue also offers the opportunity to identify best practices and integrate them into various areas of management and planning. Public participation and the involvement of various social groups in the implementation of environmental initiatives are becoming an important aspect that can significantly improve the effectiveness of national projects.

National projects can serve as a basis for developing sustainable management practices that help minimize the risks associated with environmental illiteracy and insufficient coordination between different levels of government. Their implementation requires interagency cooperation, which, in turn, creates a platform for more effective knowledge and resource sharing. As an example, the article examines the national project "Ecology," approved by the Russian government in December 2018 and which has become one of the most ambitious state initiatives to rethink and reform the country's environmental policy.

This article is devoted to the formation and development of the stock market (securities market) in Russia as the most important element of the financial system in a market economy. The author emphasizes that the functioning of the stock market (or stock markets) in a stable economy is extremely important for its self-regulation, and also performs the most important functions. The securities market in our country began its formation in the first half of 1991 after the adoption of Decree of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR No. 601 of December 25, 1990 No. 601 "On approval of the Regulations on Joint-Stock Companies" and went through four stages in its development. In general, the formation of the Russian stock market both began and continued along a completely non-standard path for world practice. Today, the Russian stock market, despite its relative youth, is closely connected with politics and the global economy, where it directly or indirectly affects the value of assets (stocks, bonds and derivatives), and the main trend in the development of the Russian stock market at the present stage is its growing popularity as a tool for managing personal finances.

The article emphasizes that understanding both the dynamics and determinants of the development of stock markets is necessary not only to understand the relationship between finance and economic growth, but also has important policy implications, as it sheds light on those areas in which government intervention is required to change the economic and institutional environment.

An important factor determining the development of the stock market is the structure of the economy, and sustained positive economic growth leads to the emergence of new markets, as well as to the expansion of companies' opportunities for growth and profit, which serves as an incentive for companies to receive financing by attracting capital to expand operations. In addition, the development of the stock market requires a deep and diverse investor base.

However, the most important block of support and development of the stock market are institutional factors or determinants, which include a wide range of factors such as regulation affecting public securities issuers, market intermediaries, asset management, supervisory and enforcement tools, trade payments and settlement systems, as well as corporate governance and transparency. With regard to the development of the stock market, institutional factors can be grouped into the following three components: regulatory framework, market infrastructure, and "other" factors, the range of which varies significantly and which are analyzed in detail in this article. As a result, the author concludes that a stable macroeconomic environment is crucial for the development of stock markets, and rational and predictable macroeconomic policies increase investor confidence in the market and create a favorable environment for making investment decisions.

This article is devoted to understanding the features of the typology of subjects of wars and armed conflicts. Taking as a starting point the well-known statement of K. Clausewitz that “war is a continuation of politics, only by other means”, the author of the article asks the question, which subjects of politics and socio-political processes can simultaneously be actors of wars, armed conflicts, given their characteristics, specifics and available resources? Stating the absence in science to date of a single, generally accepted classification and typology of subjects of wars and armed conflicts, the author of the article considers the existing typologies of subjects of “modern” wars and armed conflicts, proposed, first of all, by modern Russian researchers.

According to the author of the article, in the implementation of the typology of subjects of wars and armed conflicts, a problem arises due to the prevailing so far in the scientific community, progressive and socio-evolutionary attitudes in understanding the process of socio-historical and political development and in the interpretation of the essence, history and classification of wars and armed conflicts. Such attitudes inevitably lead many researchers to the need for mandatory postulation, “proof” of the emergence of “new” (primarily non-state) actors of “modern”, “hybrid”, “proxy wars” and armed conflicts, although, in fact, nothing but their names, designations, changes in legal status or an increase in the role in wars and armed conflicts of our time, with long-identified and existing political subjects, as well as wars and armed conflicts, to date, has occurred.

Emphasizing that not every subject of politics (by its position, specifics of functioning, as well as resource capabilities) is automatically a subject of wars and armed conflicts, the author of the article deduces from the typology of subjects of politics and political processes, its own typology of 16 subjects of wars and armed conflicts, dividing them into two types: state and non-state actors.

This article explores the profound identity crisis of contemporary society, stemming from the loss of an absolute criterion of truth and a holistic understanding of human nature. It demonstrates the inadequacy of secular scientific, philosophical, and artistic paradigms, divorced from a religious foundation, in addressing key existential questions. Biblical anthropology, which reveals man as the bearer of the immutable Image of God (Imago Dei) and called to the dynamic Likeness of God (Similitudo Dei), is proposed as a solution. This anthropology is viewed as the only sustainable ontological and axiological foundation for: 1) overcoming the crisis of the “consumer society” and forming a “society of service”; 2) the ethical regulation of technological progress (genetic engineering, AI); 3) harmonious social construction based on the dual mission of man (“inner garden” – spiritual growth; “outer garden” – responsible stewardship of creation). The conclusion is drawn about the need to integrate biblical revelation as a cornerstone of state policy in the spheres of education, culture, social development and mental security.

The article analyzes the content and summarizes the discussion related to the problem of protecting the health of Russian citizens, as well as state management of health-saving mechanisms for the population of the Russian Federation. The most important form of such regulation is national projects that “make people’s lives better in our country, cover all important areas and are implemented in all regions without exception”. Turning to the history of national projects in Russia, the author notes that Russia's national projects are large-scale government programs aimed at developing key areas of society. The beginning of the implementation of National Projects in our country dates back to the first years of the new millennium, when numerous concepts were actively developed, and the first instrument for the integrated solution of target tasks since 2002 was the federal target programs for the strategic development of the country, and since January 1, 2006, the implementation of four national projects began in Russia. One of them was the Health project, which provided for increasing the availability and quality of medical care, training medical specialists, providing additional payments to doctors and medical staff, building high-tech medical technology centers, etc. In general, the new format of priority development in the form of national projects has proved its effectiveness – new schools and kindergartens have been built, federal research centers have been established, mortality has decreased and life expectancy has increased, mortgage lending has become accessible to the general population, agriculture has made a powerful breakthrough. However, a number of indicators announced in various projects related to health and healthcare have not yet been achieved. On the one hand, the effectiveness of the implementation of priority national projects depends on such important factors as the organization of management, financing and information support. On the other hand, the process of implementing national projects in Russia inevitably involves significant risks. The author reduces these risks to four interrelated groups, which are also identified by many researchers. The first group includes risks associated with lack of formation, or rather, with insufficient coordination of various elements of the national and regional project management system. The second group consists of risks associated with the ambiguity of indicators for the implementation of national projects, the regularity of their monitoring and assessment methods. The third group of risks is related to the financial support of national projects. The fourth group includes the risks associated with the regulatory and staffing provision of national projects – the duration of the formation of the regulatory framework necessary for the effective implementation of the national project.

Traditional African healthcare beliefs and practices, are part and parcel of the maternal and child well-being in the Kenyan rural settings, particularly amongst vulnerable groups including teenage mothers. Focus has been given to this particular group because children born to adolescent mothers are at a high risk of health complications yet they frequently lack access to basic formal healthcare due to factors such as culture, economic challenges and social aspects. Due to these circumstances, traditional birth attendants, herbal medicine and spiritual interventions often shape caregiving behavior. This study explores ways in which African cultural traditions, influence health outcomes of children aged five and below born to adolescent mothers. In order to collect qualitative data, desktop research method was applied in synthesizing results from peer-reviewed articles, public health records and use of ethnography. Thematic analysis was conducted to come up with patterns, trends and associations from the data collected through coding. This analysis enabled the researcher to identify themes representing key patterns including communal caregiving, dependence on herbal medicine and spiritual healing, lack of trust towards biomedical systems and future prospects to incorporate traditional and modern health systems. The results show both the positive and negative aspects of African traditional practices. Even though cultural practices may help in provision of emotional and social support to adolescent mothers, they are also associated with delayed clinical interventions which may have detrimental effects. In conclusion, the study recommends the integration of cultural strategies in healthcare through the engagement of traditional practitioners, promoting reverential clinical settings and supporting adolescent mothers by ensuring they are fully included when adopting health policies.

This article provides a comprehensive theoretical and methodological analysis of modernization processes in 21st-century China. The study aims to define the conceptual foundations and specifics of the Chinese modernization model through the lens of the evolution of Western theories and internal socio-political dynamics. It is revealed that modernization in China is not a "catch-up" development following Western patterns but an institutionally and culturally specific variant. Its key features are: a socialist type of development under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC), reliance on national traditions, and the adaptation of global experience. Using empirical data, the profound transformations of the social structure are analyzed. The study demonstrates the decline of agricultural employment (to 22.8%), the growth of the service sector, the rapid development of the digital economy, and the persistence of structural imbalances (youth unemployment, urban-rural divide). In contrast to Western theories emphasizing the spontaneity of the process, the article argues that the driving force of Chinese modernization is elite groups. Three stages of elite transformation are identified: the start of reforms (1978–1992), advanced differentiation (1992–2012), and the stage of institutionalized circulation (from 2012 to present). The key mechanism is managed cadre rotation, which ensures the integration of new actors (private entrepreneurs, technological elite) and prevents institutional stagnation. It is concluded that the success of China's modernization is due to the synthesis of economic and technological development (the base) and the managed transformation of the superstructure, a key element of which is the system of elite selection and circulation. The Chinese experience refutes the thesis of Westernization as the only path to progress and demonstrates the effectiveness of a model based on national sovereignty and the adaptive role of the state.