The article, based on the autobiographical notes of Johann Wiegand, a member of the Gernguter community, tells about the activities of the Moscow Martinist Masons, whose center in the 1770s and 1790s was located at the then Imperial Moscow University, and with whom I. Wiegand closely communicated during his service as an extraordinary professor.

The autobiographical notes of Johann Wiegand contain a lot of interesting information. Not all of this information is confirmed by other sources, however, this is exactly what makes them original.

This article raises the problem of public health, which is one of the areas of social reality, as well as an important area of society’s life, which is subject to social construction. An important component of the mechanism of such construction is the strengthening of individual health, the construction of a health-saving trajectory of a personality, which are carried out in the process of its socialization.

The authors emphasize that today socialization, the entry of a person into a social environment through the mastery of generally accepted social values and norms, is considered as a factor influencing the indicators of health-saving behavior. Accordingly, its main structural element should be the popularization of a system of values and attitudes related to the highest value – health, based on the conviction of the need for a healthy lifestyle.

The medical community is united in the opinion that the activity of the population in relation to health care is the most important factor in preserving, restoring and maintaining the health of the nation. In the professional medical environment, medical activity is commonly understood as the activity of people in relation to both their own (personal, personal) and public health. Indicators of medical activity include: sanitary literacy, hygienic habits, access to medical care, attitude to medical examinations, implementation of medical recommendations, rationality of nutrition, physical activity, absence of bad habits, timeliness of requests for medical help.

Considerable attention in this article is paid to destructive factors that directly or indirectly affect the health of a modern person. These include, first of all, an overabundance of information that literally collapses from the Internet and causes information fatigue syndrome and Internet addiction, which has a bad effect on human well-being, impairing sleep, memory, attention, lack of treatment can even lead to mental disorders.

One of the most important problems of the XXI century is inactivity - reduced activity, which triggers negative changes in the work of internal organs and systems, leads to an active increase in spinal diseases, osteochondrosis, exacerbation of chronic pathologies and inevitably leads to obesity.

Recently, there has been an increase in the incidence of obesity in children and adolescents worldwide: 25% of adolescents are overweight, and 15% are obese. Overweight in childhood is a significant factor of obesity in adulthood: 50% of children who were overweight at 6 years old become obese in adulthood, and in adolescence this probability increases to 80%. An obvious social problem faced by obese people is the stigmatization of people depending on body parameters, which is significantly facilitated by digital information technologies. Along with obesity, alcoholism, drug addiction and tobacco smoking cause serious harm to human health – factors that are becoming the most pressing problem in our society.

The authors argue that the basis for the formation of value orientations in the relationship between the individual and society, which should be based on a systematic approach, which is carried out through the systematic implementation of various activities and national projects aimed at increasing life expectancy, strengthening public health in the period from infancy to the elderly and senile age.

The article is devoted to the sociological analysis of the peculiarities of the process of mediatization in its electronic and digital form and its impact on such important spheres of social life as medicine and health. The authors note that currently many social processes taking place in society are interpreted mainly through the prism of the media space, represented, in most cases, by new media. Researchers interpret this phenomenon as mediatization, paying special attention to its new modification – digital mediatization.

The range of modern socio-humanitarian studies devoted to social problems brought to life by the process of mediatization is quite wide. An analysis of the works of domestic and foreign researchers shows that the term “mediatization” is widely in demand today not only in journalism and communication studies, but also in sociology, where it has become entrenched as a key term for denoting the process of media influence on various aspects of society.

In the third millennium, new electronic and digital mass media have become not only an integral part of the daily life of an individual and society, but also the main tool influencing both public consciousness and the process of reforming social institutions, among which medicine and healthcare should be especially highlighted.

The mediatization of medicine and healthcare is understood as the transformation of these social institutions caused by the emergence of digital communication tools, as a result of which the masses received free access to medical information, medical knowledge became less sacred, the personality of a particular actor and his communication skills became crucial in interaction.

However, with regard to medicine and health, new media serve not only as a source of medical information and targeted distribution, taking into account a wide variety of audiences and using information requests, including the basics of a healthy lifestyle, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases, medicines, social and medical care, organization of the health system, etc., but also an understanding of the society of health as the most important life strategy. Thus, all issues related to human and social health, dialogues between a specialist and a patient (consumer) are now in the media, and the mediatization of medicine is becoming a process observed today in any society.

This situation poses serious social problems that require a balanced scientific analysis. The range of such problems is quite wide: This includes the entry into the arena of medical practice of obvious scammers, and advertising, under the guise of alternative medicine, practices destructive to physical and mental health of a person, and aggressive advertising of medicines and much more. In this regard, it is of paramount importance to highlight the most acute, key problems that clearly entail destructive social consequences not only for individuals, but also for the whole society. These include the authors: popularization of medicine through electronic and digital media, the expansion of medical knowledge beyond professional boundaries; the transfer of medical practices to an online format in which bloggers are becoming increasingly popular; the active inclusion of purely medical problems in the current agenda and the organization of medical discourse in the general media, which are disclosed in detail both through theoretical analysis and through the results of empirical research.

This article is a logical continuation of the author’s publication “Image of health in the blogosphere: sociological analysis” (part 1), dedicated to the study of the public blogosphere on the construction of social ideas about health and health care practices. This topic is relevant, but not sufficiently developed in the domestic scientific discourse, which leads to, and also taking into account the innovativeness of health as the most important principles of social development and individual life, which necessitates its study. The work attempts to analyze the representation of the image of health and the practice of health conservation in the blogosphere, as well as the main directions of scientific discussion on this topic by systematizing relevant domestic and international publications. Based on the results of the study, the author identified the reasons, directions and ways of influence of blogging on the formation of social ideas about health and the practice of caring for it.

This article is devoted to understanding the essence of The Great Game – the policy of containing the development of Russia by Anglo-Saxon elites and powers, dating back more than two centuries, by the classics of the Russian school of geopolitics. The author of the article considers the geopolitical concepts of the founders of the civilizational approach and civilizational geopolitics – N.Ya. Danilevsky, K.N. Leontyev, representatives of pan-Slavism (R.A. Fadeev, I.I. Dusinsky), military-strategic direction (D.A. Milyutina, A.E. Vandama, A.E. Snesareva), Eurasia (P.E. N. Savitsky), Y.S. Kartsova, V.P. Semenova-Tyan-Shansky, P.N. Durnovo.

The author emphasizes that the development of Russian geopolitical thought took place in the absence of a political order from the state, as well as political and economic elites to develop a geopolitical strategy for the development of Russia and the implementation of its foreign policy. Unfortunately, the author states, many ideas of the classics of the Russian school of geopolitics (in particular, in their understanding of the essence, content and dynamics of the Great Game) turned out to be unclaimed by the ruling circles and governments, among which there were many people, Anglophile orientation, promoting the ideas of allied relations with England, to the detriment of the national interests of Russia.

At the same time, the author of the article notes, the understanding of the essence and features of the development of the events of the “Great Game” by representatives of the Russian school of geopolitics was largely carried out fragmentally, often in the aspect of analyzing the centuries-old civilizational confrontation between Russia and the Romano-German cultural and historical type (Western European great culture, civilization), and not purely continentalist concepts.

Authors who comprehend the essence and significant events of the “Great Game” in their works include: representatives of Pan-Slavism – N.Ya. Danilevsky, I.I. Dusinsky, R.A. Fadeeva; representatives of the military-strategic direction – A.E. Snesarev and A.E. Vandam; Y.S. Kartsovo and P.N. Durnovo. The rest of the classics of the Russian school of geopolitics addressed this issue selectively, within the framework of other topics of interest to them.

Current article is devoted to the analysis of the functions and dysfunctions of lobbying. Such analysis is especially relevant in the light of ongoing debate in Russia and across the world regarding the nature of lobbying, what place this institution belong to in the political system, and how to avoid its negative aspects. The author strives to give a balanced assessment of the advantages and disadvantages of the institution of lobbying, its role in the political process, as well as possible ways to level out the negative aspects of this phenomenon. The author concludes that the contradictions between the functions and dysfunctions of lobbying were inherent in its nature. Having emerged from the evolution of socio-political demands of certain social groups, lobbying never institutionalized in the same way as political parties or parliaments. At the same time, it has become an important channel of communication between society and the state, an institution through which the articulation and aggregation of interests, group and public integration occurs, and the current agenda is set. At the same time, the evolution of of lobbying is constantly accompanied by a number of dysfunctions. The essence of dysfunction lies in the initially informal and shadow nature of this sphere. Lobbying does not equal corruption, however, due to its closeness, lack of accountability and informal nature, it contains the risks of corrupt relationships, varying from one society to another depending on the norms and traditions of interaction between organized groups and the state. In addition, the enormous and ever-increasing influence of interest groups, especially those representing the business sector, leads to disproportionate protection of private interests for the sake of public ones. The solution to these contradictions can only be facilitated by a balanced state policy aimed at building a mechanism for promoting and coordinating group interests that would primarily meet the public needs and interests.

The present article is devoted to a critical analysis of the concept of propaganda by the prominent French scientist Jacques Ellul, who became widely known in the Russian sociological discourse due to the word combination “sociological propaganda” incorrectly attributed to him, which in fact is an incorrectly constructed concept and in the author's original interpretation sounds like “social propaganda”.

In this regard, the main goal of this article is to accurately and correctly convey the author's original views on the phenomenon of propaganda, but to systematize them in such a way that in their sum they form an integral concept of propaganda, which could find a worthy place in further sociological and political science analysis of related phenomena. For this purpose, the author, relying on the materials presented in the first chapters of J. Ellul’s work, tries to answer a group of questions. These include: what does J. Ellul understand by the phenomenon of propaganda in the most general sense? What methodological difficulties are associated with the scientific study of this phenomenon? Who is the object and who are the subjects of propaganda influence? What exactly are the tools and mechanisms that trigger the action of propaganda? What are its goals?

According to J. Ellul, the author emphasizes, propaganda is a manipulation aimed at changing the worldview, indoctrination of alien ideas, indoctrination of other ideas about a particular event or about the world order as a whole, and then – to push it to action. Consequently, the most important property and result of propaganda is the separation of the thought process from action and deeds: “…one performed action makes the propaganda influence irreversible. The one who performs an act under the influence of propaganda cannot go back and become the same person”.

The author considers the questions about the basis of propaganda influence to be especially significant in the concept of J. Ellul. The author considers the questions about the basis and content of propaganda, the problem of consistency in the organization of the propaganda process, its effectiveness. Noteworthy are the typologization and classification of types and varieties of propaganda according to J. Ellul, his questions about the truthfulness and scientificity of propaganda.

A detailed analysis of the main provisions of the concept of J. Ellul allowed the author to substantiate. Ellul allowed the author to justify a number of critical conclusions, including excessive psychologization of the propaganda process, the inappropriateness of the thesis about the secondary nature of ideology in relation to propaganda, which functions at the practical level of its expression, as well as excessive fetishization of propaganda, which levels the influence of traditional social institutions and practices on the individual.

The article examines the social changes occurring in the global system of the world economy. The causes of the crisis that arose after the Second World War in the international socio-economic and political order are explored, the main of which are the ideology and practice of neo-colonialism and attempts to organize the life of the world community, relying not on the norms and principles of international law, but on those formulated by the world minority and beneficial exclusively to this for the minority there are certain “rules”. The article identifies socio-economic factors of global social transformations that undermine the foundations of liberal globalization. Among them is the strengthening of the role of developing countries in world economic relations, striving to form a multipolar world as a community of equal peoples and establish a more equitable system of international political and economic relations. Particular attention is paid to the deepening global inequality and the aggravation of the confrontation between the North and the global South. The objective nature of the social changes taking place in the world is substantiated. The importance of the Russian state’s policy to strengthen national sovereignty, including in the field of economic development, was confirmed in the conditions of harsh economic and political sanctions imposed against our country by the collective West.

The article is devoted to the historical term “Autocracy” in the interpretation of Professor P.E. Kazansky, as an independent, non-derivative, having the only basis in the will of God itself, and therefore in earthly reality, which was the dominant force in the state. This force is not only legally supreme, but also, in fact, socially the strongest, without which domination would be impossible.

In his concept, Professor P.E. Kazansky argues that the autocrat was not only a legal sovereign, as he possessed the rights of supreme power legally enshrined in the Basic Laws of the state, but was also a de facto sovereign, who historically possessed the dominant force in society.

The author of the article reflects on the problems of using of gadgets in the modern world. The development of information technology affects all spheres of people's lives, including changes in marital and child-parent relationships. The article examines modern literature and conducts a secondary analysis of research data from the Public Opinion Foundation (FOM), the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion (VTsIOM), etc., concerning the positive and negative aspects of the influence of digital technologies on family interaction. Attention is paid to the peculiarities of network behavior, online communication of parents and children, in particular to such problems as: gadget addiction (gadget addiction), i.e. uncontrolled use of gadgets; phubbing – the habit of immersing yourself in a gadget while talking with an offline interlocutor, etc. Gadgets become members of the family, “living creatures”, part of a family environment. Parents, on the one hand, try to control the gadget-child relationship, on the other hand, they themselves are immersed in gadgets, and also use them as a means of reward/punishment, thereby only increasing the value of the device in the eyes of the child.

Being one of the most important attributes of the life of a modern person, gadgets are distinguished by functionality, mobility and almost continuous access to the Internet. They allow you to overcome the limitations of real contacts, uniting people living far from each other, helping to maintain contact with loved ones at a distance, combining work and raising children, gaining new knowledge, and shopping without leaving home.

It would be wrong to assess the impact of gadgets on everyday practices, including family practices, on a “positive-negative” scale. “Gadgetization” is a complex process that requires close study.

In our study, we examine the foundations and features of intergenerational solidarity between the modern young generation of Russia (zoomers) and their ancestors (boomers), taking into account that zoomers are the first completely post-Soviet generation, and boomers are the Soviet generation, having gone through a period of active socialization in a completely different social-economic and political formation. Therefore, we are not just studying the space of intergenerational exchange, but also, in a sense, continuity between different eras – the irretrievably gone Soviet past and the current present. The material for analysis is 34 interviews with zoomers and 20 interviews with their grandparents. The theoretical basis of the study is the theory of generations and the model of intergenerational solidarity of V. Bengtson and his colleagues. In maintaining solidarity, intangible transfers play a key role, which consist of emotional exchange and support, as well as the specific role of both parties. The elders act as a source of knowledge not only about the family’s past, but also about the past of a bygone era, and the younger ones serve as reliable guides for their ancestors into the modern digital world. This unique expertise of both parties, along with the general non-conflict nature of zoomers, makes it possible to reduce the conflict potential of relationships in which not just two generations collide, but two completely different eras and value systems. Russian boomers assess their relationships with their grandchildren as warmer and closer in comparison with those they had with their grandparents.