The article considers some methodological foundations of social cognition, socio-cultural and theoretical foundations of social science; defines a clear position in the sociology of science, criticizes the positivist’s approach to the analysis of the methods of sociology; epistemologically analyze such theoretical constructs, which formed the basis of modern sociological knowledge. The article posits the importance of theoretical knowledge in sociology and its philosophical and methodological foundations. Author explains the integrity of the science of sociology, it differs from simple empiricism. Here we describe the theory of Comte and Spencer, the theory of the scientific revolution Koyre, Kuhn’s theory of sciense paradigm and influence of these theories on the development of sociology (and their limitations). The author examines the methodological principles of postpositivism in the social sciences and social cognition in general and describes fenomenology and essential theories.

In article the approach to the decision of a problem of conceptual integration of sociology as the set of theoretical knowledge belonging to type - conceptually difficult - the big theories. Development of theoretical sociology with use of forms of the mathematical theory is considered as a private problem in relation to more general problem of development of theoretical knowledge with use of forms of the mathematical theory. Development the theoretical sociology is offered to carry out with use of forms of the mathematical theory on the basis of properties structural mathematical constructs and with application the mathematical methods developed in a scientific direction “The Conceptual analysis and designing”^[40]
. In the given direction it is used not only a paradigm of structuralism, but also a principle of an ascention from abstract to concrete in the knowledge, realized in procedure of synthesis of formal theories with use of the device of structural mathematics. The system analysis, the theory of systems and the theory of structures of N. Burbaki concerns to sources of occurrence of a method of the conceptual analysis. The method is intended for the analysis of subject domains of a high level of complexity, realization of conceptual modeling of objects from these subject domains and reception of new knowledge about essence of subject domains and their relations. Conceptual complexity of phenomena is understood as complexity of the structures expressing the relations and interrelations between concepts, describing interesting area from the point of view of solved tasks. For a subject domain conceptual complexity is potentially established by quantity of basic sets on which scales of sets and the steps belonging to them representing definitions of developed theory of a subject domain are constructed. In article is exposed to the analysis role structural mathematical constructs device in expansion integrating tool conceptualization subject domains of sociology. In article are determined preconditions of application the device steps of sets at formation conceptually difficult - the big theories to which concerns sociology as set of theoretical knowledge. The maintenance of a key problem allocated in article is application constructs of structural mathematics as bases for definition of structure of a subject domain of sociology as sets of theoretical knowledge. Perspectives in development of theoretical sociology with use of forms of the mathematical theory are understood in this case, as process of escalating of use constructs of structural mathematics as the tools having base character for theoretical idealization and modeling at creation of theories and theoretical models of objects, investigated by sociology and carrying out in them of tool researches. In article it is shown, that search of the decision so challenges is probable as during intradisciplinary, and interdisciplinary researches. Last from them in spite of the fact that are connected to growth of organizational complexity, allow to leave for frameworks of habitual traditional intradisciplinary positions and the points of view, in a result raising productivity of scientific search of the decision of a task.

This paper presents an analysis of the two concepts of freedom, one of which was developed in line with classical liberalism, the second within the conservative tradition. Individual freedom as the supreme value, good and the goal of social development was considered an English liberal thinker John Stuart Mill. Another approach found expression in the works of the brightest representatives of the French conservative thought of Alexis de Tocqueville. In despite of the similarity of some theses, this polemic initiated the development of the two traditions in understanding the concept of civil liberties, continues to create and maintain the discussion of modern theoretical sociology. The research methodology of these concepts, to better understand the fundamental essence of the dispute between liberals and conservatives, seeking to find a balance between individual freedom in various aspects of its expression and the public interest.

The author undertakes the first in the Russian and, maybe, world scientific literature sociological research into the disaster of the Titanic. It is researched the social and class structure of the community of passengers of the Titanic on the ground of statistical data on prices of tickets and on occupations of passengers. This data discovers that passengers of the Titanic belonged to different social classes. The author researched the connection between social and class structure and chances of survival. The destiny of passengers and the crew were determined by regulated and unregulated chances of survival. The regulated chances of survival were connected with the politics of the command of the Titanic, that was foremost pointed to, firstly, the rescue of passengers (but not the crew), secondly, passengers of 1^st and 2^nd classes (but not passengers of 3^rd class) and thirdly, women and children (but not men). The unregulated chances of survival were connected with ethnic, linguistic and age-related characteristics of passengers. The author considers the disaster of the Titanic within the framework of globalization.

The paper aims to trace the formation of new theories of society, of theories of basic social conflict and of theories of social inequality at the turn of the century. These theories are based on a theoretical scheme of “new” capitalism / neocapitalism. They also criticize the established theories of postindustrialim and knowledge society. The new theories focus on analysis of the nature of work in contemporary society, of the structures and dynamics of social inequality. The main point of the analysis carried out in the paper is that knowledge science and technology cannot be viewed as an indepentdent explanatory factor on which to base the research of the actual social relations and their transformation. The theories of postindustrialism and theories of knowledge society do precisely this and that is why they are the object of criticism in the new theories which view knowledge, science and technology as subordinate to the relations of ownership and power.

Interaction between interest groups and political institutions is one of the cornerstones of the European Union policy making process. Although majority of Russian and foreign works dedicated to lobbying and decision making in the EU, concentrate on a governmental stadial system and normative procedures that regulate interest groups access to policy making centers. Such institutional approach doesn’t clarify why the EU has concrete policies, why not all interest groups are able to win, who sets the agenda and in whose interests decisions are made. Current article, using contemporary theories and research, analyzes process of interaction between interest groups and governmental structures in the EU. It also proposes explanations of wins and losses in the policy making process, trying to answer how interest groups interacts with each other and what patterns can be identified in the process of interest aggregation by governmental structures.

The article is devoted to the issue of genetic foundations of political culture in the context of the socio-political system changes. The author elaborates the concept of “political genotype” as a sustainable structural element of political culture that determines its content and the possibility of permissible variation. In this paper the main forms of existence of political genotype and its functions are also investigated; and “genetic” mechanism of political culture succession is explored.

The phenomenon of culture is the subject of scientific discourse, in which the researchers suggest multifactorial and multifaceted understanding of the concept of culture. The genesis of the concept of “culture” in the sociological knowledge reflects the development and formation of modern civilization, human reason and scientific knowledge, goes from a purely practical interpretation to the modern understanding of this phenomenon, as a spiritual and creative - activity beginning.

The article deals with the transformation of the socio-economic systems at the global and national levels, the associated changes of urban communities life. Urban development trends in the modern world are studied in terms of industrial revolution, involving the introduction of intelligent information technology in everyday practice. We analyze the “smart” city as one of the most common concepts, offering the solution of environmental and socio-economic problems, the opportunities for sustainable development. The main features of the “smart” cities are examined on examples. The possibilities of innovation development of Russian cities are inquired, Moscow’s and Russia’s places in the international rankings are examined. The most attractive for investment regions and cities of Russia are considered.

This article analyzes mortality rate, life expectancy and self-preservation behavior of the Russian population. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of these indicators in Moscow. The author analyzes and explains the differences in life expectancy between Muscovites and residents of other regions. The article shows that despite the environmental problems, levels of noise and stress, chaotic rhythm of life, life expectancy in Moscow is the highest in the country. The analysis also demonstrates indicators of life expectancy in different administrative districts of the capital. The correlation is discovered between education, material wealth, social status and life expectancy. The statistical data is given which characterizes the mortality rate and life expectancy of the population of Moscow and underlines the main trends. Author considers that one of the key factors influencing the life expectancy is the positive side of self-preservation behavior of the population, focus on a healthy lifestyle. The article examines the impact on mortality and life expectancy indicators such as the percentage of smokers among the population and the level of alcohol consumption.

The article quantified the relative importance of social, general and specific professional requirements for the individual head of the internal affairs; requirements are considered as an empirical analogue of the institutional conditions for its performance, reliability estimates as the degree of unity experts. Methods of determining the evaluation of the significance and reliability of these estimates are based on the use of statistical analysis techniques. Thus, the assessment of the value is defined as the arithmetic mean of the ordinary, the reliability of which, however, as the main result of the survey of experts is far from obvious: big themselves magnitude of significance, however, may prove to be very unreliable values. In view of the foregoing, in this case it can be lost very feasibility of obtaining the individual assessment of the head as well as his activities as unreliable foundation as low reliability significances means a loss of confidence in the guarantees of the individual manager. The mathematical tool for evaluating the reliability indicator here is the spread of expert data - the dispersion of experts’ opinions expressed in quantitative terms, which allows comparison of significances, placing them on the priorities. To improve the reliability assessment of the arithmetic mean pre-treatment censoring sample expert values ​​has been made - prior their ordering ascending (construction of an ordered series), followed by cutting off in equal amounts (10% of the sample size), the extreme members of the series, on what basis and carried out the final calculation the arithmetic mean. Increased reliability is achieved at the same time due to exclusion from the collection of expert data of those who could potentially be the result of being obsessed with excessive caution or individual experts.

The article determines image of the head of law-enforcement body. Subjects and objects of image are described. Inhomogenuity of image is cleared up. Method of examination is shortly micro level described. It is talking about image, which is formed in mind of members of team of law-enforcement body, who are subordinated to object of image. State-of-the-art is illustrated, according to received data. Hypothesis about negative image of the head in mind of subordinates is disproved. It is shown contradiction of images in collective mind and social mind.

The article analyses practices of “Traditions and values of Russian business culture” course teaching at Lomonosov Moscow State University’s Faculty of Sociology. The experience allows drawing methodological and theoretical conclusions on the values of business culture which underlie models of the modern business behavior. The first part of the publication concerns analysis of tradition of studying Russian culture values, in the paradigm of which the Russian business culture exists. According to the findings, traditions are enrooted in the Orthodoxy and are determined by patrimonial memories and contradictions of the Russian people’s character, ideals and spiritual framework. A system of Russian business values is developed based on the traditions as well as literary heritage, biographies of famous Russian and Soviet economists and set of rules of ethics code of the pre-revolutionary Russian business class. The main elements of the system include the following values: faith, family, commitment to business, patriotism, natural ingenuity, ability to set and solve atask of extra complexity, original forms of labor organization, and prevalence of moral motivation forms over material ones. The second part of the article deals with succession of the above-mentioned values in the modern Russian business environment. The content analysis is applied to examine the continuity. The object of the research is the text corpus of the Russian business press. The findings of the research show dynamics of the Russian mass media attention to the business culture values for the period from 2010 to 2014. The mass media interest to the issue coverage has been on the constant rise: from 37,2% of the aggregate amount of information on the Russian business in 2012 to 39,8% in 2014. There have also been examined dynamics of mass media attention to certain business culture values. The mass media assignedtop priority in 2012, 2013 and 2014 to the following values respectively: faith (31,5%), prevalence of moral motivation forms over material ones (27,3%), ability to set and solve atask of extra complexity (18,7%).

The article is devoted to methodological foundations of research of leader’s personal qualities. In difference from the previous work, which was devoted to a research of personal qualities of heads, including civil officers, at works of Plato, Aristotle and M. Weber, where were shown empirical models of structure of personal qualities of heads: instrumental-rational and value-rational social actions. This publication presents the empirical models of structure of personal qualities of heads of affective type of M. Weber’s social action. Thanks to it, M. Weber’s concept about social action receives one more approach to verification in practice. The following directions of social researches are allocated. The first direction. When in structure of personal qualities the emotional component is a dominant (“emotional unbalance”), in comparison with intellectual, moral, strong-willed and other personal qualities (diplomacy, social experience, and so forth). Those people, whose indicators of emotional unbalance are in extreme, in maximum borders - carry to psychopaths and they are an object of clinical psychology and medicine. The second direction. When in structure of personal qualities emotional unbalance competes on equal terms (equally has bright difference, a deviation from average values) to intellectual, moral and strong-willed qualities. The third direction. When in structure of personal qualities intellectual, moral and strong-willed and others personal qualities dominate over affective lines.

The article analyses the Russian Orthodox Church strategy with regard to forming core competence of modern Orthodox clergy for educative and social work. The question about the Church demand for a new generation of clergymen able to combine spiritual life with continuous intellectual and cultural development is raised. It is settled on the basis of combining professional competence and the idea of service. The moving trends of spiritual education reform directed at training a well-qualified priest capable of solving conventional spiritual and new tasks of vicarial service are considered.