The article analyzes the conflict as one of the basic elements of social reality, immediate source and mechanism of modern social changes. The author distinguishes the classification basics of the modern theories of conflict in Western social science, predicts the further development of social studies in problem field of conflict, and formulates the main provisions of the modern conflictological discourse. Are determined, the specific manifestations of the conflict in terms of contemporary realities, trends identified value orientations of modern society through the prism of conceptual views Alain Touraine. Disclosed concepts “subject”, “historicity”, “social movements”, “value”, the nature of social interactions, marked cultural patterns. This historicity is not understood as set of cultural values, accumulated over a certain historical time, integrated into the structure of society, as well as a set of tools with which this integration has occurred, a sort of tool of formation of various social practices that are in demand in a particular historical period. The study shows that the leading role in the discourse conflictological Alain Touraine assigned a sociological study of social changes that are going on in time and space. The conflict as a factor of social change in the theory of A. Touraine has more descriptive as fully concentrated on the study of a new historical stage of development of society and the role of social movements.

Internet studies are carried out by various scientific disciplines and in different research perspectives. Sociological studies of the Internet deal with a new technology, a revolutionary means of mass communication and a social space. There is a set of research difficulties associated with the Internet. Firstly, the high speed and wide spread of Internet technologies’ development. Secondly, the collection and filtration of materials concerning with Internet studies. Lastly, the development of new conceptual categories, which are able to reflect the impact of the Internet development in contemporary world. In that regard the question of the “network” category use is essential. Network is the base of Internet functioning, on the one hand. On the other hand, network is the ground for almost all social interactions in modern society. So such society is called network society. Three theoretical network approaches in the Internet research case are the most relevant: network society theory, social network analysis and actor-network theory. Each of these theoretical approaches contributes to the study of the Internet. They shape various images of interactions between human beings in their entity and dynamics. All these approaches also provide information about the nature of these interactions.

In the Soviet period, sociology of organizations was not a leading trend, as used in its conceptual apparatus, the depth and thoroughness of the study of the problems is not always impressed by the ideological authorities. Much more loyal looked sociology of work, to prove the superiority of socialism over capitalism. But this feature makes it possible to consider it not outdated set of fundamental knowledge, based on which we can move forward boldly. A prominent contribution to the development of the field sociology has made a prominent Russian scientist N.I.Lapin, which modern readers know as a specialist in completely different directions. Over the study of the structure and functioning of organizations, cohesion small working group of brigade forms of work organization, leadership and management styles, formal and informal structure of the relationship, skill mix, professional selection and placement of personnel, labor discipline, organizational innovation, conditions and remuneration, motivation and stimulation, finally, the education of the worker and ideological activities in the workplace in the 1960–80s worked hundreds if not thousands of professionals of various profiles and preparedness: sociologists, psychologists, economists, philosophers, teachers, lawyers, engineers. The methodological basis of sociology of organizations have N.I. Lapin are an innovative approach, the theory of social groups, value-regulatory approach and the three-functional diagram of the organizational structure.

The article outlines some of the possible ways of integrating the deployment tool conceptualizing domains of sociology on the basis of the machine sets of steps3. Substantiates the urgency of the problem of application of structural constructs of mathematics as a structure-formalism domain of sociology as a combination of theoretical knowledge. Formulated understanding of the sociological dimension in a broad sense of the concept of research as a measurement based on the use of instrumental in conceptualizing the methodology of sociological research. Under instrumental conceptualization refers to the construction of complex conceptual (conceptual) schema structurally interconnected relationships between their individual elements, which are the units of the consideration related conceptual integrity, derived from interpretation of the properties “Set” construct. The paper proposes a definition based on the properties set in the scale set by the structure of N. Bourbaki4 relations systems in the data sets under the structural dimension of social phenomena to understand the interpretation of the investigated properties of social phenomena in terms of a construct that lies at the basis of the theoretical model that reflects the diversity of these qualities with the help of conceptual schemes that determine the quality of each as a structure of relations systems (ie, property) in these qualities. In conclusion, the article lists presented in a number of publications, some preliminary results of the application of the methodology of conceptualizing instrumental in related disciplines from sociology. These works can perform suggestive role in the knowledge and understanding of methods of problem fields and objectives of the work on the conceptualization of theoretical sociology, using the mathematical theory of forms.

The article analyses two reports of the international organizations dedicated to the problem of social inequality in a global scale. It distinguishes the main issues and the main conclusions of the reports formulated by experts; it also considers the factors of social inequality and its basic forms. The article presents main features of social inequality in Russia on the basis of these reports. It analyses peculiarities of Russian inequality and the data on Russian citizens inclusion into the global elite and into the global middle class.

In the article the development of sociological theory social stratification and the peculiarity of its application for the study of social structure of modern Russian society is considered. Researches of stratification system are connected as with transformational processes of the Russian society, and in general with the changes happening in social sciences in the 80–90th years of XX century. The author analyzes some theoretical, methodological problems and the main achievements of researches. In modern Russian sociology in the study of social structure is clearly observed and the continuity of the relationship with western sociology. Borrowing of various existing popular in Western sociology approaches is justified, because each of them has certain heuristic features. Transformational processes of Post-Soviet time promoted change of conditions of development of the sociological theory of social stratification. Obvious was a fact that the transformational processes happening in modern Russian society promoted also manifestation of crisis in sociological science. At the same time scientists-sociologists have had an opportunity of search and choice of the theoretical directions and tools for the analysis of system of stratification of the Russian society. This situation can be characterized as origin and some methodological freedom, giving the opportunity to find new cognitive tools, which opens wide access to a variety of modern Western theories.

According to sociological surveys in Russia found that a pairs of cohabitants, consisting of “unregistered marriage”, occupy an intermediate position between legally married and unmarried males and females. The so-called “unregistered marriage” can not be considered equal to legitimate marriage. The average number of children ever born to unmarried couples by the end of the reproductive age of women (40–45 years old) is much less than the average number of children among married women of the same age and considerably below the level of simple reproduction of generations. At all ages cohabitants are much more likely to feel lonely than legitimate spouses. The tendency to reduce the number of legitimate married couples and increasing numbers of unmarried couples is not a transition from traditional to modern form of family. It is a destruction of the family as a social institution.

The paper presents an attempt to study the way a family depends on the nature and intensity of demographic processes, to identify relationship between reproduction and family behavior, its way of life (including reproductive behavior) and stability. A specific status of a family as a social unit and a social institution in the population reproduction process is determined. Family functioning is considered in terms of overall reproduction process with its social meaning being as lifestyle reproduction and specific way of activities and behavior of different families in certain social conditions. There is analysis of changes in the nature of marriage and family relations as well as revealed factors that influence urban family life and marriage and divorce level. The article calls attention to the problem of stabilization and destabilization of urban families and the ways to regulate family relations. We offer a thesis on necessary measures to influence social opinion in order to make it healthier as well as public and social institutions to pay more attention at family issues and population reproduction. The paper is based on the results of the target sociological survey of two-parent families conducted by the author.

The article deals with spousal violence against women. Criminal and everyday aspects of conjugal violence highlighted. Criminal violence is reflected in the crime statistics. Everyday aspect includes impostored and indifference violence. The author distinguishes four contexts in which spousal violence is unfolding: sociocultural (class structure of society, settings and attitudes towards violence, etc.); family (the modern family structure, family relationships and their dynamics, and others); individual (prescribed cultural understanding of the strengths and weaknesses, self-esteem and self-control, etc.); crisis (means and opportunities to establish and maintain non-conflict situation in the family, reduced resistance to the couple in crisis situations, etc.). The article presents the results of empirical research of problem of spousal violence youth too. The study found gender differences in the perception and evaluation of the problem of conjugal violence, the differences in the assessment methods of spousal violence, etc.

The article examines the value aspects of the health care system, compares modern social practices and institutions of regulation from the point of view of realization of human needs. The characteristic features of the health sector, the determinism of its development as a field of formation of social and human capital. From this perspective, the identification of negative phenomena of health to be overcome in developing the strategic planning system. However, the principles of humanism, compassion, justice, proclaimed and enshrined in social norms, often can not be confirmed and implemented in social practices. The paper systematizes the weaknesses of the work of authorities and the system of compulsory medical insurance. Not always taken into account the social characteristics of diseased populations. Motive financial optimization, minimization of the standards of programs of state guarantees in the field of health violates the principle of complex diagnostics and treatment of humans. Special attention is paid to the manifestation of inequality in this sphere, current and future contradictions caused by social differentiation. The author suggests measures to change the financing mechanism of the healthcare system. The question was raised about the need to adjust the control functions of the state and for the system.

The article discusses social space, which is the region of the text that is defined by a set of messages sent to settlements, streets, squares, monuments, buildings, and a system of signs that reflect possible interpretations of the actors, due to the peculiarities of the subjective state, language and experience. Using the methods of discursive and semiotic interpretation, we can distinguish two components of a heterogeneous, multi-code text — space of routine and space of affects. Space of routine presupposes a rational perception of space, rational response, it is a formation of traditions, attitudes, norms of conduct governing the behavior of social actors in a specific spatio-temporal locality. Changes in the perception of the usual attributes of the regional landscape can in a certain sense and individual context trigger affective reactions. The followihg factors form the space of the affects: sensual perception of space, emotional stimulation and intrapsychic representation, the sense of injury/cure, dangers/safety, negativity/ pleasure, shame/pride, or a combination of them. Dualism in the perception of space, its dialectical nature, congruence, flexibility, variability, the conflict of local and individual meanings, existing practices, patterns, mentalities and cultures, situations, the media are a condition of existence, and labeling of the regional text, updating its discursiveness and research.

Tolerance, communication and theme repertoire are communicative discourse components. The dialogue relations of communicators in the process of their life activity reflect where socio-cultural specific characteristics. The speech structure of communication adherence to speech frames and the Principles of Cooperation and Politeness as indicators of tolerance and empathy. Language speakers share one discourse code as a condition of successful communication. Discourse activity represents information exchange in the process of achieving various socio-cultural and cognitive goals. Tolerance, in its term, includes communicators` mutual empathy as the main conditions of communication success. Communicative tolerance is presented as communicative behavior prescriptions, specific for various socio-cultural areas. Theme repertoire phenomenon means shared knowledge and interpretation of all social communication participants. The combination of global context and local ones acquire special significance. Contextual limitations reflect socio-cultural specifics and are determined by the existence of behavior stereotypes and their evaluation. Thus, each discourse component contributes to achieving social-communication goals.

Current article is dedicated to X International scientific conference “Sorokin Readings” held under the name “Health of the Russian society in the XXI century: sociological, psychological and medical aspects”.