In this article, the author attempts to analyze the key components of radical ideological constructs that directly or indirectly justify ways to solve social problems in a radical and, as a rule, illegitimate way. Among such ideologies, researchers include anarchism and socialism, which are discussed in detail in this article.

The English political philosopher W. Godwin is considered the pioneer of anarchism, and the first researcher who called himself an “anarchist” and introduced the term “anarchism” into circulation was the French socialist P.-J. Proudhon. Each country in Europe, North or South America and Asia has its own publicists, writers, public figures who defend anarchist views, anarchism has a long history in Russia, where the classics of anarchism grew up – M.A. Bakunin and P.A. Kropotkin.

The author analyzes the theoretical core of anarchism, which is formed by a number of radical political constructions – anti-statism, natural order, anti-clericalism and a free economy. At the same time, it is noted that all anarchists categorically assert that both power and private property are the cause of all human misfortunes, and, as a rule, they identify themselves with the “poor and oppressed”. They call for a revolution on behalf of the “exploited masses”, as a result of which both capitalism and the state will be wiped off the face of the earth, actively promote “ anarchy and anarchist tactics”. By anarchist tactics is meant such a merciless violent struggle that will sweep away in its path all the institutions of slavery of the old system and all their representatives and defenders in order to create a new, free system, for the spirit of destruction is at the same time a creative spirit.

The article also examines in detail the origins, essence and fundamental components of the socialist ideology, the radical varieties of which include Marxism and communism.

The author substantiates the position that, in general, the ideology of socialism is close to the ideology of communism. However, the communist ideal is more radical: the communists advocate the complete socialization of production, the complete rejection of private property (in all forms) and the centralized distribution of benefits, which takes place within the framework of a specially organized form of government – the commune. Under communism, absolute equality of people must be established, a kind of ideal society must be established, where everyone will work to the best of their abilities and receive everything they need from society. It is this aspect of communism that is the pipe dream of its supporters, leaving it a social utopia, while the ideology of socialism put forward more specific and achievable goals.

The fundamental economic, social and political reasons are analyzed, due to which the practical implementation of the ideology of socialism – the “socialist experiment” of the 20th century ended in complete failure. It is shown that it is the socialist ideology that significantly simplifies the transition to a totalitarian political system.

The article deals with the features of sociological analysis of religion in Russia during the imperial period of its history. The national sociological tradition of studying religion as a socio-cultural phenomenon and a social institution, which was developed during this period, had its own unique and peculiar appearance and was just begun to revive again in post-Soviet Russia, contrasts with the tradition that took place in the West. In this context, the appeal to unfortunately undeservedly forgotten works of classics of Russian religious and socio-political though is very promising area of modern sociological research.

When studying this problem, the author emphasizes the study of the works of representatives of three ideological areas of Russian religious and socio-political thought: conservatism, liberalism and socialism, as well as the peculiarities of the historical development of Russian society and the state and those events that had a significant impact on the formation and development of scientific understanding of religion in Russia. Among such features, the author, in particular, refers to the formation of an “antisystem” (systemic integrity of people who take a dim view of their homeland, hate their own nation, its values and culture, history, traditional religious, political and social systems) among the Russian intelligentsia, bureaucracy and part of the elite of Russian society, under a certain influence of Westernism, as a consequence of the spiritual schism of the 18th century, which occurred in the educated strata and elite of Russian society.

The author of the article pays special attention to the analysis of “Christian sociology”. In his opinion, it is a collective name for the peculiar and original Russian sociological tradition of studying religion as a sociocultural phenomenon and social institute. “Christian Sociology” combines the theoretical developments of representatives of the Russian Slavophile, moderately liberal and conservative camps, secular and religious socio-political thought, striving to formulate and reveal the Christian view and approach to the knowledge and understanding of the life of society and social space.

The French Revolution, having raised the idea of “the people’s will” to its banners, for several centuries determined human society itself as the center of the application of human efforts. The European peoples, brought up in Christian idealism, with its absolute moral requirements, were reoriented to the social world, with its extremely limited possibilities for retribution of justice.

L.A. Tikhomirov systematically revised the views on democracy that had developed in European political philosophy. His thinking surprisingly combined both a critical perception of other people’s conclusions and the ability to build his own positive constructions. He could both introduce doubts into seemingly well-established postulates, and convince of the correctness of his positive political constructions.

Considering revolutionary ideas to be largely artificially introduced, L.A. Tikhomirov, argued that their influence in Russia is largely due to the “lack of Russian national intelligentsia”. The extreme lack of independence of the social sciences in Russia, unable to study their national political experience and give recommendations on the development of the country for the future. In his understanding of the evolution of social experiences, L.A. Tikhomirov, blamed the “new era” opened by the French Revolution of the 18th century for their futility. It is from her that he sees the violation of the spiritual balance that has put people on the path of fruitless chimeras.

Assuming that the hypertrophied individualism of liberalism, as a reaction to it, could be replaced by socialism with its all-consuming collectivism, L.A. Tikhomirov recognized this possibility only through revolutionary upheavals. He saw such a radical upheaval as useless and dangerous, due to the fact that in his criticism of democracy the main point was his denial of the possibility of building a society in which the Supreme Power can really and directly be the people’s will.

In the foreign policy and economy of the Russian Federation, the coordinate system is being turned to the East. This logic fits into the framework of the Eurasian ideology. It also correlates with China’s desire to create a global center of confrontation with the United States. This problem is being actualized through a special military operation of the Russian Federation in Ukraine and a “hybrid war” with the countries of the collective West. The formation of new blocs, the “Eastern Entente” leads to a change in the geopolitics of Eurasia and the world as a whole. Within the framework of the research, the author uses the following methods: historical, geopolitical and civilizational approaches, concrete historical, observation and generalization, systemic socio-political and ethnic analysis, synthesis. In the conclusions, the author comes to the opinion about the need to reformat existing supranational integration projects in the post-Soviet space, transform the architecture of relations in the political, economic and military spheres with the countries of East and Southeast Asia, and apply the Eurasian ideology as a state-forming one.

The article deals with the practices of political socialization in the modern Russian school, the ongoing changes in the organization of the educational process. The content and significance of teaching social and humanitarian disciplines in the formation of legal, civil culture and patriotism of the younger generation are analyzed. The features and problems of the educational process in the conditions of large-scale digitalization, the widespread use of modern information technologies are revealed. The significance of the development of digital literacy of schoolchildren, the implementation of modern educational programs and the introduction of relevant learning formats are analyzed. The role of the main directions of extracurricular activities, patriotic events in the formation of the political subjectivity of young Russians as worthy citizens of the country is revealed.

The article discusses how the culture of food, its rationality and quality affects the health of Russians. The dietary style of Russians is analyzed on the basis of the latest statistical data and literature analysis. It is concluded that despite some positive developments in this area, the quality of nutrition of Russian residents is far from ideal. The author of the article seeks to understand how population understands the concept of healthy nutrition, whether the understanding of this phenomenon differs depending on socio-demographic characteristics. Particular attention is paid to gender differences regarding nutrition and the consequences of these differences. Article focuses on the obstacles that Russians face on the way to improving their diet. One of such obstacles is economic difficulties and the inability to buy healthy foods due to their high cost, especially in large families and single-parent families, whose food quality is lower for a number of socio-economic reasons. An equally important factor limiting the possibilities of Russians in the field of nutrition is the lack of awareness and education of the majority of the population regarding healthy lifestyle in general and nutrition in particular.

The empirical basis of the work is comprised of the data of the World Health Organization (WHO), the Federal State Statistics Service, the Public Opinion Foundation and the All-Russian Public Opinion Research Center.

The article provides an analysis of the main research approaches to the study of health and ways to preserve it. The author points out that the term health, which reflects one of the current trends in modern social and scientific discourse, was entered into the research field quite a long time ago. However, his understanding was not unambiguous: the analysis reflects that over the epochs, in dependence on time, the level of knowledge and development of society, views and scientific theories which were dominated in a particular period, its content was changed. Based on historical and comparative analysis, the author describes the main stages, approaches and directions to the study of the phenomenon of health, classifies them, identifies  the key factors in the evolution of views on health problems, and makes an attempt to identify the features characteristic of each period. In conclusion, the author underlines that under the society development the category “health” has been changed. The key points of its content are based on its social significance, vital value, the need to create a system of public administration, which involves its comprehensive study based on an integrative approach.

The basis for the analysis of special interests in economic activity is the research of neo-institutional theory, which interprets the phenomenon of lobbying as a process of exchange between the state and business, in the field of competition for influence in decision-making and resource allocation based on the manifestation of differing interests. Competition unfolds in two areas of interaction – the formation of institutional norms that directly determine the economic result of business and for resources for the implementation of investment programs. The features of Russian economic lobbying and new forms of promoting economic interests in government bodies are highlighted. In large companies, lobbying becomes the sphere of specialized GR management, working on issues of strategic and operational interests of companies with representatives of the authorities. It is shown that the activity of GR is modified under the influence of the practice of implementing large projects, embedding business in public administration programs. Collective lobbying in the form of various unions, associations and associations of business structures that are in constant dialogue with the authorities has received significant development and effectiveness in achieving the goals of implementing special sectoral interests. It is determined that the current trend of lobbying is the articulation of special interests of business in strategic areas of economic dynamics, where administrative and financial resources of the state are concentrated. Traditional and new motives of lobbying are moving into the sphere of forming a new investment cycle, strategic national ones. projects, digital development and solutions to environmental problems.

The article presents an analysis of the results of an original study carried out by the method of content analysis of Russian social networks and devoted to the perception of the situation of the self-employed under sanctions, problems and development trends. The dynamics of interest in specific problems during 2022 grew as follows: from legal problems to problems of self-development, relationships with companies in crisis, state support, to understanding permitted activities and new opportunities in crisis. Among the prospects for further development of self-employment in the Russian Federation are the following: self-development, collective help and tips (life hacks), cooperation with companies, state support, Internet sites. Based on the analysis of the results of the study, it can be assumed that certain types of promising social partnerships between the self-employed, the state and business structures are already being formed in the field of employment.

The article provides an overview of the history of the development of the projective approach in personality assessment, which allows us to determine the theoretical foundations for the use of projective techniques in empirical sociology. The classification is given with practical examples of application in conducting qualitative sociological research. Situations when projective techniques are necessary are associated with the peculiarities of the problem under consideration, an increased level of possible manifestation of conformist positions, the need to obtain deeper ideas about the object under study. The creative, playful nature of projective techniques, the unexpected effect of using various stimuli, contributes to a higher involvement of survey participants in conducting research, which reduces the number of refusals of respondents to participate.

The main difficulties in the application of projective techniques are associated with the low standardization of the conduct and analysis of the data obtained, the dependence in interpretation on the personality of the researcher. Therefore, data from several methods are taken into account, supplemented with other sociological methods for reliability, analysis is combined at the rational and unconscious levels in order to compare the expression of the image and its modality.

All projective techniques, depending on the selected stimuli, have a different orientation, the unifying factor is their following distinctive characteristics: the freedom of the respondents' response without restrictions in the choice and any assessment in terms of correctness and error; consideration of the criterion of uncertainty and ambiguity in the selection of stimuli; a hidden understanding of the subsequent interpretation of the methodology for the interviewee.

The author describes in more detail the practical experience of using the projective collage technique based on nonverbal associations, procedures for completing sentences, writing a script, constructing the “Little Men” technique, and the expressive graphic method “Lifeline”. Their effectiveness is influenced by the situation of carrying out a projective technique in compliance with all necessary requirements, including mandatory explanation by the respondent; combination with other methods; analysis and subsequent interpretation as qualitative data, with research, not diagnostic purposes.

The article examines the role of social norms and cultural traditions in the implementation of the social management mechanism in Chinese enterprises. The article reveals the features of a sociological approach to the study of management mechanisms, analyzes cultural values and traditions, as well as social norms that can influence the formation of a social management mechanism in an enterprise, an empirical study (n=152) of the influence of social norms and traditions on the enterprise management process. As a result, it was revealed that social norms and traditions play an important role in the mechanism of social management of an enterprise. It is concluded that considering the cultural values of Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism and Mohism makes it possible to make enterprise management more reasonable, which leads to an increase in the efficiency of employees and the enterprise as a whole. Further research may be devoted to studying the features of social management in Chinese companies.