This article examines the actual aspects of the influence of ideologies on the social life of the entire modern society and on its individual members. The author attempts to provide a theoretical and methodological justification for the answers to the following questions: what do scientists understand by political ideology? how to research ideology scientifically? how is it possible to identify different ideologies? what role do individual ideological doctrines play in politics? In order to answer these questions, the article provides a scientific analysis of the nature and essence of ideology, the specifics and forms of expression of individual ideological doctrines, their impact on public consciousness and social behavior.
Numerous discussions about the essence of ideology are reduced to a dispute about the truth or falsity of the set of ideas that is designed to control, including manipulative, mass consciousness and behavior. Nevertheless, there are also objective, value-neutral approaches to this phenomenon. The complexity of an adequate interpretation of ideology is due to the fact that it varies between political theory and political practice, representing a synthesis of fundamental and operational levels, the level of "thought" and the level of "action".
The objective, scientific study of ideology, first of all, can be greatly facilitated by the fact that within the framework of ideology as a specific form of public consciousness, integral and relatively autonomous systems of political thought – "political ideologies" function.
Within the framework of various political ideologies, a holistic and at the same time specific set of attitudes has been developed regarding the essence of the relationship between the individual and society, society and the state, positions in relation to traditional and modern social institutions. At the same time, they always rely on classical theories of political philosophy.
The article provides a detailed analysis of the key constructions of the ideology of classical liberalism, as well as critically examines the neoliberal constructions that, in the author's opinion, led to the transformation of liberalism into a totalitarian dogma of the fundamentalist kind.
Following liberalism, conservatism is analyzed, which, like liberalism, is based on a specific set of ideas about the nature of human existence and social life, borrowed from the classical concepts of political philosophy, which form its theoretical core. A differentiation is made between conservative constructions that have been developed in Western Europe and the USA, with their emphasis on aggressive foreign policy, and Russian conservatism, reflected in the works of outstanding Russian social scientists – M.N. Katkov, K.N. Leontiev, L.A. Tikhomirov, K.P. Pobedonostsev, who substantiated their ideas about the existence of the state, the functions of power, about morality and human freedom in line with a conservative worldview. In addition, the conclusion is substantiated that it is the conservative, or rather, moderately conservative ideological doctrine that contains a set of ideas that most fully reflect the geopolitical, economic and social realities of Russia, the peculiarities of its spiritual and cultural tradition

This work completes a series of articles by the author on the evolution of lobbying in Russia. Previous articles have analyzed the main stages in the development of the institution of lobbying in Russia, from the 19th century to the present day. This article discusses one of the most complex and controversial issues related to lobbying in Russia – is it possible in Russian conditions to regulate the relations of interest groups with the state and how? The author concludes that there are a sufficient number of political and legal mechanisms in Russia that regulate the relations between organized groups and authorities, but these norms are often disordered and disconnected from each other. At the same time, we need a critical look at all previous attempts to adopt a single law on lobbying, because there are no guarantees that, even if adopted, this law can work in Russian conditions. The author proposes to pay attention to the development of ethical standards for lobbyists, a professional standard for lobbying as well as to anti-corruption legislation. In addition, it is necessary to revise the existing corporatist mechanisms of interaction between interest groups and authorities, the strengthening of which could contribute to the development of a more inclusive institution of lobbying.

The article analyzes the role of innovative mass media, in particular Internet in the process of political socialization of the Russian youth, taking place in the context of deep socioeconomic and political transformations, globalization and digitalization. The transformational potential of Internet technologies is undeniable today. Political news aggregators, online bloggers, anonymous Telegraph channels present a broad range of political information and opinion. Considering the Internet as a revolutionary means of communication, the authors carried out an analysis of its main characteristics, features of the functioning of institutions of political socialization in the context of digitalization, the role of online activism, digital forms of protest as determinants of political socialization. The importance of an adequate assessment of the role of innovative media in the political socialization of young people, in shaping the political subjectivity of young Russian citizens is obvious.

This article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the influence of the era and the ideology of the Enlightenment on the vital activity of the Western European great culture and the modern world. From a conservative position, within the framework of a civilizational approach, the author considers the regularity of their formation in the process of development of the Western European great culture, and also analyzes the consequences that they had, both for Western European culture and for all mankind as a whole, especially for the scientific sphere of life.
The Age of Enlightenment, according to the author, was associated with active penetration into science, into the educational system of the ideology of the Enlight-enment, and, accordingly, the introduction of various manipulative techniques and practices into them. Naturally, this circumstance had the most negative impact on the quality and objectivity of assessments of various kinds of state-legal, socio-political and historical phenomena and processes, naturally plunging these branches of knowledge into a severe crisis state. The excessive ideologization of modern social sciences and the humanities, including the ideologemes of the Enlightenment (as well as the ideologemes of Marxism and neoliberalism growing from them), make this issue an extremely relevant area of modern sociological research, and overcoming these negative consequences of this era and its ideology is a challenge for modern scientific thought, systems of secondary and higher education, as well as the subsequent successful development of modern Russian society and the state.
The author of the article makes a special emphasis on the analysis of the key provisions of the ideology of the Enlightenment, as well as the results of the propaganda of the ideology of the Enlightenment, which marked the beginning of the era of manipulation and the active implementation of large-scale social manipulative projects in relation to significant human communities, entire cultural regions, its special role in the implementation of the Great French Revolution and the formation anti-systemic mindset.

The relevance of the work is due to the problem of the emergence of such a well-known trend in modern science as feminist sociology. The article attempts to consider the beginning of the formation of feminist sociology in Europe. Based on the analysis of primary sources, the author reveals the contribution of the English researcher Harriet Martineau to the development of this direction. Her contribution to the development of sociology as a science is currently beyond doubt, since the name of this English sociologist is put on a par with recognized classical sociologists such as O. Comte, G. Spencer. Martino was one of those sociologists who drew attention to a different vision of social reality, namely the fact that women see the world differently than men, their thoughts and feelings are socially and culturally conditioned. Martino’s vision and approaches to the study of social issues are distinguished by originality and are based on his own numerous empirical studies. The author of the article made an attempt to trace the research logic of the English sociologist. If the first positivists were engaged in the search and justification of the laws of the stages of social progress, then for Martino one of the main tasks was to study social life in society in its concrete manifestation, everyday patterns of interaction between people formed in various cultural and historical contexts. The author shows that the work of the English researcher really allows us to talk about her socially critical approach to the study of society and the great im-portance of the problem of discrimination against women in modern society. Martineau’s sociology can be regarded as feminist, which marked the beginning of women's studies and the general socio-critical orientation of thinking in science, to some extent opposed to the sociological canon.

This article presents an overview of the models developed by researchers for the visual representation of a complex and multidimensional communicative process, which reflect the most essential elements of the real communication process, the views of scientists on the communication process, as well as the most pressing problems that attracted their attention at one time or another.
According to the author, at present, due to the development and active introduction of electronic and digital communication technologies into communication processes, the key components of communication models have been significantly transformed, and their functional purpose has changed significantly. In this regard, considerable attention is paid in the article to the vectors of the indicated transformation, among which is the qualitative expansion of the sphere of social communication, the change in the way information is transmitted and such elements of the communicative process as the communicator – audience.
The article presents the author's interpretation of the transformation of the H. Lasswell model in the digital age. The author believes that when transporting a message with information, in addition to the physical medium of distribution (air, computer network, etc.), the distribution structure, which is increasingly acquiring a network character, has a great importance on efficiency. In the case of a network structure for the distribution of a message with information and the simultaneous receipt of a message with information by a large number of recipients, the "time of interest" of the recipients to the incoming information is of great importance. 
The article analyzes new properties characteristic of digital communications. Thus, the source of information (communicator) in the digital era may be unknown, the message sent by the communicator in the digital era may be adjusted according to the recipient, communication channels in the digital era can also be adjusted to a specific user, the number of information sources for the recipient in the digital era increases significantly, but in practice the recipient of information turns to a limited number of sources, when at the same time, believing that he has full freedom of access to information. The most important feature of the communication effect in the digital age is that in the conditions of rapid development of virtual social networks, the recipient himself can be a source of mass information. Thus, the development of digital technologies and network communication structures, although it is an important vector of transformation of the communication structure of society in the digital age, has ambiguous consequences for the development of society

The article characterizes approaches to the periodization of social development in the context of the introduction of new technologies. Theories of technological development of society by E. Toffler, D. Bell, K. Schwab, S.Yu. Glazyev, N. Howe and W. Strauss in order to determine the factors of social development and key characteristics of modern civilization. The results of the study made it possible to develop the author's summary table of periodization of the development of society in the context of technological progress. The table clearly reflects the key characteristics of each of the stages of technological development. The author focuses on the modern, electronic-digital civilization, where the creation of personal computer technology and the development of the Internet smoothly passed into the heyday of genetic engineering and the training of artificial intelligence. In addition, the analysis allows us to conclude that the current stage of development of society is a qualitatively new stage of civilizational development, which carries both many advantages and conveniences, as well as risks and threats.

The article provides an analysis of the main research approaches to the study of health and ways to preserve it. The author points out that the term health, which reflects one of the current trends in modern social and scientific discourse, was entered into the research field quite a long time ago. However, his understanding was not unambiguous: the analysis reflects that over the epochs, in dependence on time, the level of knowledge and development of society, views and scientific theories which were dominated in a particular period, its content was changed. Based on historical and comparative analysis, the author describes the main stages, approaches and directions to the study of the phenomenon of health, classifies them, identifies the key factors in the evolution of views on health problems, and makes an attempt to identify the features characteristic of each period. In conclusion, the author underlines that under the society development the category "health" has been changed. The key points of its content are based on its social significance, vital value, the need to create a system of public administration, which involves its comprehensive study based on an integrative approach.

The article is devoted to the study of the possibilities of a sociological research of the situation of child disability and family at risk. The author analyzes the growing indicators of child disability in Russia: the number of children with disabilities, distribution by sex and age, nosology, the level of disability in the regions of the Russian Federation, as well as indicators of inclusion (visiting educational organizations, leisure activities). The assessment of the indicators representing satiation of families at risk is carried out on the basis of the deprivation methodology of the Institute of Socio-Economic Problems of the Population of the Russian Academy of Sciences (income level, living conditions, pedagogical and social competence of parents, consumption of educational, medical, social services, psychological climate in the family). The author comes to the conclusion that a theoretical study of the position of a disabled child in a family at risk can be carried out within the framework of the structural-functional theory, structuralism theories, theory of social conflicts, symbolic interactionism, social constructivism, phenomenology and ethnomethodology, behaviorism, neo-Freudianism, etc., which provides wide opportunities for building a theoretical model of the mutual influence of family dysfunction and child disability. The article also presents the results of a secondary analysis of data from a public opinion survey on child disability obtained by questionnaire survey (N = 1618) and in-depth interviews (N = 16). The author presents the results of his own empirical research: a questionnaire survey of specialists working with families of disabled children (N = 101, respondents are employees of educational, medical, social organizations) and interviews of social workers (N = 9, respondents are employees of social service organizations). Based on the analysis of the collected data on the situation within the family, the author derives the modal characteristics of a family at risk and the position of a disabled child in it. As important factor of social exclusion, the author calls the isolation of the family, its closeness and obstruction of interventions by social protection institutions.

The article considers a complex of global problems of modernity that pose a threat to the near future of mankind. It is noted that the end of the twentieth century was marked by the decline and extinction of environmental protests, the period of active struggle for the improvement of the Planet ended. The highest point of such protests can be considered the UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) in 1992 at the level of heads of state and government. Everything that was said and adopted at the conference about environmental danger has not lost its relevance today, and in some areas the situation has become significantly aggravated and aggravated. This is especially true for industrial development, the careful conservation of natural nonrenewable resources, and the understanding of the fact that the restorative abilities of nature are not unlimited. In the last decade, the arms race again prevailed, samples of new equipment are being created on a fundamentally new technological basis, and environmental costs are not always taken into account. The dismantled Chernobyl nuclear power plant has stood as a menacing reminder of human recklessness for almost four decades. In the period of modern geopolitical squabbles, the struggle for resources has escalated to the limit, and the environmental factor becomes a bargaining chip, but humanity does not solve the problems of cleansing the natural environment for life and development.
The first quarter of the XXI century in the world is characterized by global instability. There is exponential population growth, lack of natural resources and living space, environmental pollution, the emergence of previously unknown diseases such as Covid-19, the gap between rich and poor is widening, the vast majority of people lack financial resources, etc. In these emergency conditions points of growth of a new civilization are crystallizing, where the main challenge is clearly becoming a new vision of the role of the natural environment in the life of mankind.
A strategy of sufficient development is proposed, where the paths of a new vector of social and economic prospects are outlined on the basis of its coordination with the laws of biosphere evolution, the patterns of conservation of natural ecosystems and the biosphere as a whole are revealed, the expediency of developing environmentally friendly technologies and establishing a new humanism as a necessary condition for achieving a secure future is indicated.

During the pandemic, higher education faced difficulties that caused a discussion about the quality of education. At the same time, the focus is on professional education, which requires the interested participation of students in educational activities. Such participation is largely determined by the presence of students' motivation, including moral. It is especially important for the formation of future social workers in connection with the high moral and spiritual component of social work itself. The article presents the results of a study of the moral motivation of the educational activities of bachelors studying in the field of social work. The qualitative study was aimed at revealing the content of moral motivation based on the self-assessments of fourth-year students. Some of them studied in a traditional format before the pandemic, and some in a distance and/or mixed format during the pandemic. The results of the study showed that the statements of the participants are built around the ethical category of responsibility: to themselves, the immediate environment, other people and society as a whole. The difference between the two groups is that the pandemic and learning in a non-traditional format has significantly reduced the moral motivation of students to receive professional education. This was manifested both in a decrease in the sense of responsibility to the immediate environment in the person of parents, and to other people and society as a whole. Conducting such studies should be carried out starting from the first course, because. they can serve as guidelines for educational and extra-curricular activities aimed at improving the training of future specialists.

This article focuses on the attitudes of healthcare workers toward their health and the influence of socio-demographic characteristics and harmful habits (smoking, drinking alcohol) on them. According to the national projects “Demography” and “Public Health,” one of the key contemporary strategic goals is to increase average life expectancy, which requires ongoing interaction with the population to lower risks of developing certain diseases. This can be achieved through regular medical check-ups, breaking bad habits, and in a variety of other ways. It is assumed that the circulation of information and expert knowledge on the importance of good health practices will increase public attention to their health. The study of the behavior of expert groups is pertinent because of the low life expectancy among medical professionals and high interest in their healthcare practices among the public. Using Merton’s anomie theory as a framework, this article attempts to account for the differences in attitudes among healthcare professionals toward their health. We conducted a quantitative sociological survey among medical professionals who work for the Moscow Health Care System. This research allows us to determine the dispersion of various types of health attitudes, including attitudes toward medical examinations, adherence to bad habits, and their impact on healthcare practices among groups with expert knowledge. The results of this study demonstrate the effective influence of expert knowledge on attitudes toward one’s health.

Based on empirical data, the article analyzes the values of relatively large and comparable professional groups, officers of the Armed Forces and police officers of Russia. The aim of the research is to understand the semantic constructions through which the respondents symbolize their attitude to the surrounding reality. To do this, they were asked to write their favorite proverb, which they try to "match" in their behavior. The authors proceeded from the assumption that interiorized statements of the folklore type are life guidelines (social values) for representatives of professional groups. And at the informal level they are the regulators of their life. The study made it possible to determine the "boundaries" of the proverbial picture of the world of Russian officers and police officers. Further, within the established boundaries, four groups of statements were obtained. The first is proverbs and sayings about labor, work; the second is about human qualities, relationships during service, camaraderie and interpersonal communication. The third is about responses to external stimuli and approaches to decision-making. The fourth is about corporatism, professional solidarity, individualism and enterprise. The article describes the most significant fragments of the dispositional picture of the world of representatives of both professional groups. Typical personality traits and the social identity of professional groups recreated as a result of the research are determined by the specifics of the activity. The discovered properties are within the boundaries of universal human terminal values and have a constructive, solidarizing orientation. At the same time, it became possible to understand what value set prevails in the ranks of the police and the Armed Forces of our state, the originality of their perception of the world, taking into account professional experience.

The most important aspect of studying adolescent socialization is the analysis of the system of factors that determine this process. The main components of the structure of factors of socialization are defined as:
– Social community (the Chinese nation, consisting of 56 ethnic groups, large socio-demographic and status groups, small groups);
– Social institutions (state, education, family, information processes, media and institutions in which these institutions organize their activities);
– Culture and its individual elements (national culture, folk culture, youth subculture); subjects of management, the assignment of which to the individual com-ponents of the factor system is due to the task of this study.
The end result will be meeting the individual needs of young people in access to education, as well as the objective social need to improve the quality of education, transfer cultural knowledge, preserve and develop the intellectual potential of the country.